Prepare the base symbols
Open Diacritics with an empty practice editor and turn off Smart IPA suggestions. Use ordinary keyboard entry for the literal base letters and bracket scaffolding in this task. The additional features will come from actual chart buttons. If the editor contains important work, save it first rather than treating Clear text as a harmless selection change.
Before entering anything, match each requested property to its notation: dental uses a mark below t; aspiration uses the raised modifier ʰ; syllabicity uses a small vertical mark below n; nasalization uses a tilde above a. These properties describe different dimensions. They are not four interchangeable ways to make a transcription look more technical.
Annotate the two t examples
Type [t, select the dental diacritic and close the bracket. After a space, type [t again, select the aspirated button ʰ and close this example. Check the tooltip description if two small marks look similar. Selecting the button inserts the character at the current caret position, so the relevant base must already be there.
The dental annotation concerns articulation, while aspiration concerns how the consonant is produced and released in relation to the following sound. Neither mark is a statement about an English spelling such as th. The task deliberately supplies the property. For real recordings, add the feature only when the observation and your transcription convention justify it.
Add syllabicity and nasalization
Add a space, type [n and select syllabic before closing the bracket. Then add a space, type [a and select nasalized before closing the last bracket. For combining marks, the underlying text order is base followed by mark, even though the font displays the mark above or below that base.
Syllabic n indicates a consonant functioning as a syllable nucleus. It does not automatically mark primary stress or turn the character into a vowel letter. Nasalized a, by contrast, retains its vowel base while adding nasalization. Keeping these examples separate makes the distinction visible without inventing a word whose actual pronunciation would need independent evidence.
Inspect the actual text download
Use Download text after checking the four bracketed examples. Open the saved file and confirm their order, spacing and attached marks. In the verified workflow, the file contains the exact result above. The dotted circles used to display standalone combining marks on chart buttons are absent; those circles are a visibility aid, not part of the requested transcription.
If a mark looks detached after pasting elsewhere, first check for an intervening space or an incorrect caret position. Then inspect the destination font. Replacing a correct symbol with a visually similar character can hide the real problem. Keep the plain-text result as a reference while preparing formatted documents, and retain the task's descriptions so readers know what was intended.
Choose the right notation
How much detail should I add?
Choose the detail required by the reader and the evidence. Phonetic brackets do not require every possible diacritic, and extra marks do not establish accuracy. A focused annotation key can explain a few relevant features more clearly than an unexplained dense string.
Combining mark or spacing modifier?
The dental, syllabic and nasalization marks in this task combine with preceding bases. The raised ʰ is a spacing modifier letter. Both types can function as IPA diacritics, but their encoding and display behavior are different.
Reorder an annotation key
Write a nasalized a followed by a syllabic n as separate phonetic examples. Explain which mark concerns vowel nasalization and which concerns syllable function.
Compare with the model answer
The given properties determine the marks. A canonically equivalent precomposed nasalized vowel is acceptable; no English-word pronunciation is being inferred.
Common questions
Should I copy the dotted circle from the button?
No. Use the chart button to insert its mark after the intended base. The circle illustrates a standalone combining character and should not enter this result.
Does [ã] mean that an n follows the vowel?
No. It marks nasalization of the vowel. A following n segment would need its own symbol; the tilde does not silently insert that consonant.
Is the raised h in [tʰ] a separate ordinary h?
It is the aspiration modifier in this notation, not an independent full-sized h segment. If your analysis requires a separate segment, represent and explain that different structure explicitly.
Sources & further reading
- International Phonetic Association — interactive chart
Dental, aspiration, syllabic and nasalization notation.
- Essentials of Linguistics — Syllabic consonants
Consonants functioning as syllable nuclei.
- Unicode — Combining Diacritical Marks
Character identities for the combining marks used in the task.
Put it into practice
Open Diacritics to try the example, then continue with the topic’s practice exercises.
Explore the practice guide